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#encoding: ASCII-8BIT str = "\xC2\xA92011 AACR" p str, str.encoding #=> "\xC2\xA92011 AACR" #=> #<Encoding:ASCII-8BIT> str.force_encoding('UTF-8') p str, str.encoding #=> "©2011 AACR" #=> #<Encoding:UTF-8>